Filipe Amante and Patrik Zachrisson describe the use of partial extraction therapy in a case of coronal fracture of a maxillary lateral incisor.
The usage of osseointegrated dental implants to replace missing or hopeless teeth is currently regarded as one of the best treatment options in dentistry worldwide.
The technique was presented to the world by Brånemark several decades ago. Implant dentistry has progressed immensely, fuelled by an active and continuous research. This has instigated the materials, methods, and techniques to evolve.
Years of experience and clinical data have proven that the peri-implant complex plays an essential role on the short- to long-term stability of implant restorations.
Furthermore, the literature has shown that respecting and preserving this delicate and crucial area is essential. Especially to achieve long-term success and predictability in implant dentistry.
Following the extraction of a tooth, there is a reorganisation of the periodontal area affecting hard and soft tissue volume and irrigation.
Numerous publications have confirmed that, following tooth loss, there is a dimensional transformation that takes place on the alveolar ridge contour (Amler et al, 1960; Schropp et al, 2003; Araújo and Lindhe, 2005; Fickl et al, 2008a). This is particularly noticeable in the anterior zone.
Furthermore, the resulting soft and hard tissue deficiencies can interfere with optimal implant positioning. This affects the overall aesthetic outcome and long-term prognosis of implant-supported prostheses (Hurzeler et al, 2010).
The immediate placement of dental implants following dental extraction and several guided bone regeneration (GBR) techniques have been described and used for many years. However, despite all the advances, there is still an element of unpredictability when the entire tooth element is removed.
Approaches such as soft and hard tissue augmentation procedures, immediate provisionalisation, flapless implant placement, a more palatal placement of the implant, and the use of platform switching (Baumer et al, 2015) have been used to attempt to address this unpredictability.
Despite the positive effects of these techniques, it is widely accepted that an optimal aesthetic result can only be reached in specific cases (Khzam et al, 2015). The tissue changes cannot be entirely prevented or compensated for. (Esposito et al, 2012, Chen and Buser, 2014; Lin et al, 2014).
The marked alterations after tooth extraction appear to be attributable to the loss of the periodontal ligament and the consecutive trauma. Particularly at the buccal bone plate (Araújo and Lindhe, 2005).
Partial extraction therapy
In the last decade, several clinicians and researchers have suggested that, in specific clinical circumstances upon immediately placing a dental implant, rather than extracting the entire hopeless tooth, it may be beneficial to leave a buccal fragment in situ through partial extraction therapy (PET) or the ‘root membrane technique’.
This approach allows the preservation of the periodontal ligament. Therefore it avoids the disruption of the periodontal dynamics, allowing an ideal soft, hard tissue volume preservation and vascularisation.
Several in vivo and in vitro studies have shown encouraging results to support this approach. In 2010, Hürzeler et al described the socket shield technique (SST) with an article that involved the histological evaluation in a beagle dog. The protocol involved the partial extraction of the tooth, leaving a buccal fragment in situ (shield), followed by the immediate placement of a dental implant.
The results showed no resorption of the root fragment and also new cementum formed on the implant surface. Furthermore, there was noted excellent buccal soft and hard tissue preservation and clinically successful osseointegration of the implant.
Bäumer et al (2015) conducted a pilot study that concentrated on the histological, clinical, and volumetrical observation of the alveolar ridge and implant after a similar protocol.
The results were equally promising and concluded that the periodontal ligament of the tooth segment remained healthy. There were minor volumetric change of the ridge contour, and there was evident direct bone-to-implant contact.
Since then, an exponential number of clinical case reports have emerged, with promising results. Also, with longer follow-ups that have observed the clinical appearance and stability of the peri-implant soft and hard tissues. As well as evaluating the volumetric changes of the affected buccal contours in the long term.
The results available so far seem to suggest that the PET may reduce the extent of treatment. It may also decrease patient stress and pain (Hürzeler et al, 2010).
Furthermore, the technique has additional advantages. There is no added cost for materials, comorbidity is reduced, it can be applied in the presence of apical pathology. It requires reduced surgical intervention (Chen, 2013).
Despite the encouraging results and the potential benefits highlighted by the literature, PET should only be considered suitable for specific clinical cases.
Baumer et al (2015) in a five-years follow-up clinical study, defined the following exclusion criteria for the SST: teeth with present/past periodontal disease; teeth with vertical root fractures on the buccal aspect; teeth with horizontal fractures at/below gum level; other pathologies affecting the buccal part of the root, for example, external or internal resorptions, except apical pathology; heavy smokers; lack of neighbour teeth; bad oral hygiene; and lack of capacity to provide valid consent.
The aim of this article is to describe the use of the PET in a case of a coronal fracture of a maxillary lateral incisor.
A dental implant was immediately placed and later on restored with a crown fabricated in-house using a digital workflow.
Clinical case
The patient, male, 63 years of age, was referred by his GDP for a consultation in view to replace his fractured upper left lateral incisor. The tooth was fractured at gum level after having had a root canal treatment and a crown for several years.
The GDP had previous discussed different replacement options such as bridges and dentures. However, the patient was adamant he would like to have the tooth replaced with a dental implant.
He was fit, healthy and did not take any medication. Previously he’d been a regular attender to the dental practice. He presented with a considerably restored dentition, good oral hygiene, no evidence of other active decay or periodontal disease. He didn’t smoke, and reported consuming alcohol sporadically.
After discussing the different treatment options, the patient agreed to have a sequence of clinical records taken. This included a CBCT scan, upper and lower alginate impressions (for study models and a surgical guide), and a maxillary silicone putty/wash impression (for a temporary bonded Maryland bridge). As well as a sequence of intraoral and extraoral photographs.
Treatment planning
The implant treatment planning protocol followed at the author’s practice involves the formulation of an extensive and thorough document. It encompasses all of the information gathered during the preliminary stages of treatment. It gets sent to the patient in advance. This allows an appropriate time for the information to be read, assimilated, and hopefully fully understood.
The patient was presented with two clinical scenarios. A more traditional approach that included the complete removal of the condemned tooth followed by either an immediate or delayed implant placement (possibly involving bone and/or soft tissue augmentation procedures). Or the partial removal of the tooth with the immediate placement of the implant without resorting to raising a flap as described by the SST.
After some deliberation, the patient decided to go ahead with the latter approach. It was less invasive and more conservative.
He confessed that he found the prospect of having a flapless surgical procedure and a better aesthetic final outcome quite appealing. Despite, being aware that this technique wasn’t as documented as the more traditional alternative.
Treatment
The surgical appointment was subsequently booked and, on the day, the patient was given the opportunity of asking questions about the procedure and risks involved, and the consent form was signed.
No new complaints or medical changes were reported preoperatively. The patient was given a prophylactic dose of antibiotics – 3g of amoxicillin one hour before the procedure. There were no reports of allergies or hypersensitivity to any medication.
The patient was then anaesthetised having received two cartridges of Septanest (articaine) that were infiltrated buccal and palatally. A strict standardised sterilisation protocol was then followed to prepare the patient and the surgical room. This included the placement of sterile draping on all of the working surfaces. Also, the usage of sterile gowns and hats on clinical staff and patient.
The patient was then disinfected extraorally and intraorally with a 0.20% chlorhexidine + PVP-VA and hyaluronic acid solution. The surgical procedure started with the section of the retained root. This is a very delicate process that starts with the mesiodistal hemi-section of the root. This effectively separates it in buccal and palatal fragments.
Some of the literature advises the usage of slow handpiece burs similar to the ones used in re-root canal treatment, prior to the root hemi-section. Particularly in cases of single canal teeth (there are presently PET bur kits available specifically for this purpose).
In this instance it was opted to carefully remove the palatal fragment. In certain cases the osteotomy can be performed directly through the palatal fragment. Once completed, the removal of the proximal/palatal fragments can take place.
It is of utmost importance to ensure that there is no pressure exerted on the buccal shield upon removing the unwanted portions of the tooth. It’s essential not to disturb the buccal periodontal area, which is critical for the success of the technique.
Osteotomy
The osteotomy was then performed. A periapical X-ray was taken with a parallel pin to confirm the correct angulation and dismiss any other possible problems. A 4.5 x 11.5mm Osstem TSIII implant was inserted with a torque of approximately 35Ncm.
The position of the implant in the socket followed the original pathway of the root parallel to the neighbouring teeth, and slightly more palatally to ensure that there was no direct contact with the socket shield.
The gap between the implant and the socket shield will then be filled with a blood clot and there is usually no need to use bone augmentation materials or membranes; in this particular case, a portion of collagen sponge (Parasorb, AMS Group) was used.
Some authors believe that using an enamel matrix protein (Emdogain, Straumann) can be applied in this gap and help initiate the process of new cementum formation. This could aid in the prevention of root resorption on the long term (Baumer et al, 2017).
A healing cap was placed along with one single suture 6-0 Prolene and, as planned, a bonded Maryland bridge was ready to be fitted on the day to adequately provisionalise the area.
The technicians were instructed to construct the bridge with an anatomy that would not exert unwanted pressure on the underlying soft tissue. The patient was very happy with the result at that stage.
The patient was given comprehensive postoperative instructions. This included rinses with 012 chlorhexidine mouthwash three times per day for the first week. They were advised to take paracetamol and/or ibuprofen three times per day for the first 72 hours.
Postoperative care
The patient was reviewed after a week and reported no postoperative discomfort.
Clinically, the soft tissue and temporary bridge were looking fine, with no evidence of inflammation or other ill symptoms.
Eleven weeks after this, the patient returned in order to assess the osseointegration of the implant and the appearance of the surrounding soft tissues.
A periapical X-ray view showed a favourable outcome with a satisfactory presence of bone around the implant and in between the threads. Also, that the soft tissue volume remained stable and healthy looking.
The patient reported no discomfort and had been quite happy with the temporary bonded bridge that was subsequently removed.
A Ti-base was then fitted and a digital impression taken using the Cerec Omnicam. An E.max crown was made in-house, stained, characterised accordingly and fitted to the Ti-base, and was fitted that same day.
A periapical view confirmed the engagement of the implant fixtures. The crown was torqued to 25Ncm as per the manufacturer’s advice, and the palatal access covered with flowable composite following the placement of some Teflon tape to protect the screw access.
The occlusion was checked and no adjustments were necessary. The patient was then instructed in regards to the oral hygiene (regular visits to the hygienist were recommended). They were advised to return for a review appointment.
After 12 months, the patient was again reviewed and reported no problems. Furthermore, the volume of soft tissue seemed to have been maintained. There were no evidences of pain, inflammation, mobility, or other ill symptoms.
Conclusion
The privilege of being a dentist and to be able to make a difference in people’s lives comes with a great burden and a constant responsibility. Namely to keep our skills updated to ensure we provide the best possible care to our patients.
The ongoing clinical and scientific research in dentistry is continuously providing us with new and improved treatment options to help our patients in the best possible way. It is our mission as modern dentists to keep updated with the innovations in our field.
The PET has now been documented for more than a decade. The results obtained are incredibly promising and have been increasingly supported by clinical data that is constantly emerging.
However, it is of utmost importance that each clinical case is individually assessed, namely in regards to the case selection. Also, very importantly, the experience and clinical confidence of the dental surgeon performing the procedure.
The concepts of preservation, diminished comorbidity and ideal aesthetic outcomes that are defended by the PET are very attractive. Although, if the case selection and technical completion of the technique are not adequate, this can be a recipe for disaster.
For this particular clinical case, the PET proved to be extremely helpful. The results achieved were quite rewarding for both patient and clinicians.
Further clinical data needs to emerge for this technique to be regarded as a more mainstream approach. Nonetheless, the current state of the art suggests that this technique may become increasingly used in the future of implant dentistry.
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